ABSTRACT
Objectives: To explore the efficacy and safety of emergency transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Methods: Data of patients who underwent emergency TAVR in eight centers, namely Fuwai Hospital, Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital, Xijing Hospital, Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, between May 2017 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The use of mechanical circulatory support system (MCS) and the results of laboratory tests (N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)) and echocardiography (mean aortic valve cross valve pressure difference and left ventricular ejection fraction) before and after operation were collected. The primary endpoint was all-cause death, and the secondary endpoints were stroke, major bleeding, major vascular complications, myocardial infarction, permanent pacemaker implantation, and acute renal injury. Device success was caculated, which refered to absence of procedural mortality and correct positioning of a single prosthetic heart valve into the proper anatomical location and intended performance of the prosthetic heart valve (mean aortic valve gradient<20 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) or peak velocity<3 m/s, with no moderate or severe prosthetic valve regurgitation). Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to estimate the survival rate of patients during follow-up. Results: This study included 48 patients. The age was (72.5±8.1) years, and 34 patients were males (70.8%). Device success rate was 91.7% (44/48). The mean aortic valve transvalvular pressure was significantly decreased after operation ((12.3±6.4)mmHg vs. (60.2±23.8)mmHg, P<0.000 1). Left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly increased ((41.5±11.7)% vs. (31.0±11.3)%, P<0.000 1). NT-proBNP significantly decreased (3 492.0 (1 638.8, 7 165.5) ng/L vs. 12 418.5 (6 693.8, 35 000.0) ng/L, P<0.000 1). In-hospital all-cause mortality was 8.3% (4/48). During hospitalization, the rate of stroke was 2.1% (1/48), major bleeding was 6.3% (3/48), major vascular complications was 10.4% (5/48), myocardial infarction was 4.2% (2/48), permanent pacemaker implantation was 6.3% (3/48), and the rate of acute renal injury was 12.5% (6/48). MCS was used in 20 patients (41.7%). The median follow-up time was 196 days. During the follow-up, one patient died (due to systemic metastasis of pancreatic cancer), two cases suffered new myocardial infarction and one case received permanent pacemaker implantation. The survival rate of 30 days, 1 year and 2 years after the operation were 91.7% (44/48), 89.6% (43/48), 89.6% (43/48), respectively. Conclusion: Emergency TAVR may be a safe and effective treatment for patients with severe decompensated aortic valve stenosis.
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Acute Kidney Injury , Aortic Valve/surgery , Aortic Valve Stenosis/surgery , Heart Valve Prosthesis , Myocardial Infarction/surgery , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Stroke , Stroke Volume , Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement/methods , Treatment Outcome , Ventricular Function, LeftABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#At present osteoporosis has come into view as a major health concern. Skeletal diseases typified by weak and fragile bones have imposed threats of fissure. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is known to induce osteoblast like differentiation and provide mechanical strength, hence, used in bone tissue engineering; whereas, Nigella Sativa has also demonstrated potential to treat bone and muscle diseases. This study was aimed to develop potential orthopedic scaffold exploiting natural resources of Saudi Arabia which can be used as prospective tissue engineering implant. @*METHODS@#The bone scaffold was developed by grafting biogenic HAP with Nigella Sativa essential oil. Nigella Sativa was applied for boosting osteogenesis and to stimulate antimicrobial potential. Antimicrobial potential was investigated utilizing S. aureus bacteria. Spectroscopic and surface characters of Nigella Sativa grafted HAP scaffolds were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and Scanning electron microscopy. To ensure biocompatibility of scaffolds; we selected C2C12 cell-lines; best model to study mechanistic pathways related to osteoblasts and myoblasts differentiation. @*RESULTS@#Grafting of HAP with Nigella Sativa did not affect typical spherical silhouette of nanoparticles. Characteristically; protein loaded polynucleated myotubes are result of in vitro myogenesis of C2C12 myoblasts in squat serum environment. @*CONCLUSION@#It is first study of unique combination of Nigella Sativa and HAP scaffold as a possible candidate of implantation for skeletal muscles regeneration. Outcome of this finding revealed Nigella Sativa grafted HAP enhance differentiation significantly over that of HAP. The proposed scaffold will be an economical natural material for hard and soft tissue engineering and will aid in curing skeletal muscle diseases. Our findings have implications for treatment of muscular/ bone diseases.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#At present osteoporosis has come into view as a major health concern. Skeletal diseases typified by weak and fragile bones have imposed threats of fissure. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is known to induce osteoblast like differentiation and provide mechanical strength, hence, used in bone tissue engineering; whereas, Nigella Sativa has also demonstrated potential to treat bone and muscle diseases. This study was aimed to develop potential orthopedic scaffold exploiting natural resources of Saudi Arabia which can be used as prospective tissue engineering implant. @*METHODS@#The bone scaffold was developed by grafting biogenic HAP with Nigella Sativa essential oil. Nigella Sativa was applied for boosting osteogenesis and to stimulate antimicrobial potential. Antimicrobial potential was investigated utilizing S. aureus bacteria. Spectroscopic and surface characters of Nigella Sativa grafted HAP scaffolds were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and Scanning electron microscopy. To ensure biocompatibility of scaffolds; we selected C2C12 cell-lines; best model to study mechanistic pathways related to osteoblasts and myoblasts differentiation. @*RESULTS@#Grafting of HAP with Nigella Sativa did not affect typical spherical silhouette of nanoparticles. Characteristically; protein loaded polynucleated myotubes are result of in vitro myogenesis of C2C12 myoblasts in squat serum environment. @*CONCLUSION@#It is first study of unique combination of Nigella Sativa and HAP scaffold as a possible candidate of implantation for skeletal muscles regeneration. Outcome of this finding revealed Nigella Sativa grafted HAP enhance differentiation significantly over that of HAP. The proposed scaffold will be an economical natural material for hard and soft tissue engineering and will aid in curing skeletal muscle diseases. Our findings have implications for treatment of muscular/ bone diseases.
ABSTRACT
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Salmonella Pullorum have significant damaging effects on the poultry industry, but no previous vaccine can protect poultry effectively. In this study, a recombinant-attenuated S. Pullorum strain secreting the NDV hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein, C79-13ΔcrpΔasd (pYA-HN), was constructed by using the suicide plasmid pREasd-mediated bacteria homologous recombination method to form a new bivalent vaccine candidate against Newcastle disease (ND) and S. Pullorum disease (PD). The effect of this vaccine candidate was compared with those of the NDV LaSota and C79-13ΔcrpΔasd (pYA) strains. The serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, secretory IgA, and stimulation index in lymphocyte proliferation were increased significantly more (p 0.05). Moreover, the novel strain provides 60% and 80% protective efficacy against the NDV virulent strain F48E9 and the S. Pullorum virulent strain C79-13. In summary, in this study, a recombinant-attenuated S. Pullorum strain secreting NDV HN protein was constructed. The generation of the S. Pullorum C79-13ΔcrpΔasd (pYA-HN) strain provides a foundation for the development of an effective living-vector double vaccine against ND and PD.
Subject(s)
Animals , Antibodies , Bacteria , Chickens , Hemagglutination , HN Protein , Homologous Recombination , Immunoglobulin A, Secretory , Immunoglobulin G , Lymphocytes , Methods , Newcastle disease virus , Newcastle Disease , Plasmids , Poultry , Salmonella , Suicide , VaccinesABSTRACT
Objective To study the mechanism of right ventricular pulmonary artery coupling by fitting the pressure volume loop of pulmonary arterial hypertension patients and calculating the related parameters.Methods During January of 2015 to December of 2015,34 patients with pulmonary hypertension and 5 patients with patent oval foramen(PFO)were admitted in Wuhan Asian Heart Hospital,. Inclusion criteria for the pulmonary hypertension group were in accordance with the newest European guidelines for pulmonary hypertension . All of the patients were conducted invasive pressure catheter intervention and MRI. All the pressure data were digitized by GetData software and the CMR tools3D was used to derive right ventricular volume data, fitting the pressure volume loop and calculate the Pmax, Ees, Ea and other related parameters. 5 patients with PFO and 34 patients with pulmonary hypertension were divided into three groupswhich included:the control group (i.e. the patients with PFO), patients with pulmonary artery mean pressure less than 50 mmHg as group A and pulmonary artery mean pressure greater than or equal to 50 mmHg as group B. The pressure volume loop of the three groups were compared and the related parameters were calculated.Results The right ventricular Pmax were(53.05±12.87) mmHg, (134.73±26.38) mmHg, (207.88±65.67) mmHg, in the control group, group A and B respectively. There were significant differences when compared among the 3 groups. There was no statistical difference in Ees between the control group and group A(P>0.05). The Ees of group B was significantly higher than the control group[(1.53±0.97)vs.(0.60±0.28),P<0.05]. The Ea of group B was higher than the control[(1.34±0.74) vs.(0.39±0.15),P<0.05]. The overall ratio of Ees/Ea was lower in group B as compared to the control group [(1.12±0.47)vs.(1.62±0.51),P<0.05].Conclusions In the early stage of pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular contractility preserves and can overcome the slightly elevated afterload .The right ventricle and pulmonary artery coupled with good work. With the increasing mean pulmonary artery,the afterload of right ventricular increases and right ventricular contractility needs further increase to fight against the elevated afterload. The elevation of contractility cannot overcome the change of afterload, resulting in the off paired of mechanical efflciency, causing the right ventricle- pulmonary artery coupling decreases.
ABSTRACT
Fontan surgery is a widely used palliative procedure that significantly improves the survival period of patients with complex congenital heart disease (CHD). However, it does not decrease postoperative complication rate. Previous studies suggested that elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and vascular resistance lead to decreased exercise tolerance and myocardial dysfunction. Therapy with endothelial receptor antagonists (Bosentan) has been demonstrated to improve the patients' prognosis. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was performed to explore the efficacy of Bosentan in treating patients who underwent the Fontan procedure. Eligible participants were randomly divided into Bosentan group and control group. Liver function was tested at a local hospital and the results were reported to the phone inspector every month. If the results suggested abnormal liver function, treatment would be adjusted or terminated. All the participants finished the follow-up study, with no patients lost to follow-up. Unblinding after 2-year follow-up, no mortality was observed in either group. However, secondary end-points were found to be significantly different in the comparable groups. The cardiac function and 6-min walking distance in the Bosentan group were significantly superior to those in the control group (P=0.018 and P=0.027). Bosentan could improve New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional status and improve the results of the 6-min walking test (6MWT) in Fontan patients post-surgery, and no other benefits were observed. Furthermore, a primary meta-analysis study systematically reviewed all the similar clinical trails worldwide and concluded an overall NYHA class improvement in Fontan patients who received Bosentan treatments.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Double-Blind Method , Follow-Up Studies , Fontan Procedure , Heart Defects, Congenital , Drug Therapy , Pathology , General Surgery , Liver , Pathology , Palliative Care , Prognosis , Sulfonamides , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in combination with disease-modifying anti-rheumatoid drugs (DMARDs) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with moderate to severe activity and inadequate response to DMARDs. Methods Thirty-two RA patients with inadequate response to DMARDs were treated with tocilizumab along with stable dose of DMARDs for 12 weeks, adverse reactions were recorded, clinical laboratory and physiological indices were recorded 4, 8, and 12 weeks after treatment. The routine blood, liver and kidney function tests, morning stiffness, rest pain, tender joint count, swollen joint count, overall evaluation of the patient and physician to disease and health assessment questionnaire, blood sedimentation, C-reactive protein (CRP), Disease activity score 28 (DAS28), simplified disease activity index (SDAI) score, clinical disease activity index (CDAI). Repetitive measure analysis of variance wase used for statistical analysis. Results The clinical laboratory indices and DAS28, SDAI, CDAI scores observed in all of the patients were significantly improved (P<0.05). After 8 and 12 weeks of treatment, disease activity was further improved with statistical significance (P<0.05). The levels of IL-6 were downregulated obvious compared with before [(26±14) pg/ml vs (76±39) pg/ml, t=-6.925, P<0.01], and no obvious adverse reactions were observed. Conclusion Tocilizumab can quickly improve the symptoms and the control disease activity of refractory active RA within a few weeks.
ABSTRACT
Objective:In order to develop an oral live vaccine vector of swine that can stably carry exogenous genes.Methods:Mutant ΔcrpΔcyaΔasdC78-1 was constructed by the method of suicide plasmid pREasd-mediated bacteria homologous recombination on the basis of attenuated Salmonella choleraesuisΔcrpΔcyaC78-1.Complementary plasmid pYA3493 with asd was electrotransformed into the mutant,and thenΔcrpΔcyaΔasdC78-1(pYA3493) host-vector balanced lethal system was constructed.Its biological characteristics were analyzed further.Results:The results of PCR and sequencing showed thatΔcrpΔcyaΔasdC78-1(pYA3493) was constructed suc-cessfully.Biological characteristics showed that the serotype of ΔcrpΔcyaΔasdC78-1(pYA3493) was identical to ΔcyaΔasdC78-1 and vaccine strain C500 and it can stably carry theΔasd gene in vitro;its growth speed was a little slower than ΔcrpΔcyaC78-1 strain,but both of their growth speeds were significantly slower than vaccine strain C500;the biochemical characteristics of ΔcrpΔcyaΔasdC78-1 ( pYA3493 ) were basically the same with ΔcrpΔcyaC78-1 strain.Oral virulence test in mice showed that the virulence ofΔcrpΔcyaΔasdC78-1 ( pYA3493 ) was similar with ΔcrpΔcyaC78-1, but its median lethal dose is 412 times of vaccine strain C500.Conclusion:These results demonstrated that attenuated Salmonella choleraesuisΔcrpΔcyaΔasdC78-1(pYA3493) strain had the potential to be used as an oral live vaccine vector for expressing foreign genes efficiently.
ABSTRACT
In order to develop a safer vaccine strain exploit Salmonella Pullorum vaccine strain as a live vaccine vector.Methods:AΔcrpΔasd mutant of S.pullorum C79-13 strain was constructed and it was developed E.coli donor strain mutant was generated through the two-step method introduced by χ7213 ( pREΔasd) was conjugated with the recipient of C 79-13Δcrp.The C79-13ΔcrpΔasd the transduction of recombinant suicide plasmid .Results:PCR and sequencing results showed that ΔsipBSL1344 was suc-cessfully constructed.The further study indicated that foreign DAP must be supplied for the ΔcrpΔasd mutant to grow,in addition,the asd gene was transmitted stably .Compared with C79-13 strain,the O antigens was identical to C79-13 strain,but the growth velocity was reduced significantly ,significantly reduced virulence .Conclusion: The ΔcrpΔasd mutant can accept asd+plasmid to construct host-vector balance lethal system , and this system can be used to express foreign gene efficiently and to develop potential oral multivalent vaccines.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate therapeutic effects of simvastatin on serum expressions of cytokines and synovial tissue aspartic protease-3 (Caspase-3) in collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in rats, and the mechanism thereof. Methods The rat model of CIA was established by injecting bovine Ⅱ collagen. Sixteen model rats were randomly divided into two groups:CIA model group (sterile water 5 mL·kg-1·d-1 by gavage) and simvastatin group (2.0 mg·kg-1·d-1 by gavage). Seven normal rats were included in control group (sterile water 5 mL·kg-1·d-1 by gavage). The arthritis index (AI) and hind paw vol-umes were recorded once a week. The serum levels of cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-αand interleukin (IL)-6 were measured by ELISA 42 days after the initial immunization. The expression of Caspase-3 in ankle synovial tissue was detect-ed by immunohistochemical method, and pathological results of HE staining in rat ankle were compared between three groups. Results Values of AI were decreased on the 24-d of the initial immunization in simvastatin group and CIA model group, which was significantly decreased on the 35-d of the initial immunization in simvastatin group than that of CIA model group (P＜0.05). The values of hind paw volumes were decreased on the 14-d of the initial immunization in simvastatin group and CIA model group, which was still significantly higher than those of control group (P＜0.05). The values of hind paw volumes were decreased on the 35-d and 42-d of the initial immunization in simvastatin group than those of CIA model group (P＜0.05). The serum levels of TNF-αand IL-6 on the 42-d of the initial immunization were significantly lower in simvastatin group than those of CIA model group, but which were significantly higher than those of control group ( P＜0.05). There were more synovial hyperplasia in simvastatin group than those of CIA model group. Only a small amount of inflamma-tory cell infiltration was found in simvastatin group. The expression of Caspase-3 was significantly higher in simvastatin group than that of CIA model group. Conclusion Simvastatin can significantly inhibit the serum levels of TNF-αand IL-6 in CIA model rats, and can up-regulate the expression of Caspase-3 in ankle of model rats.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the long-term effect of bosentan on outcome in patients after Fontan operation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Patients after Fontan surgery were randomly divided into bosentan group (B, n = 16) and control group (C, n = 23). Bosentan was applied within 7 days after Fontan surgery as follows: at the first month, 7.8125 mg Bid for patients with body weight ≤ 10 kg; 15.625 mg Bid for patients with body weight between 10-20 kg; 31.25 mg Bid for patients with body weight 20-30 kg and 62.5 mg Bid for patients with body weight > 30 kg. At the second month, the bosentan dose was doubled and Bosentan therapy was continued for more than 1 year. Group C didn't take drugs affecting pulmonary artery pressure. All patients were followed up for 2 years and incidence of mortality, protein losing enteropathy, pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae, 6-minute walk test, heart function were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 2 years, mortality tended to be lower in group B compared to group C [6.25% (1/16) vs. 21.8% (5/23), P > 0.05]. Incidence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae and protein losing enteropathy were significantly lower in group B than in group C (6.25% vs. 34.78%, P = 0.01;6.25% vs. 39.13%, P = 0.02, respectively) . The results of 6-minute walk test[ (485 ± 44) m vs. (302 ± 183) m] and heart function in group B (3 NYHA III/IV patients in group B vs. 14 NYHA III/IV patients in group C, all P < 0.05) were all better than group C. The concentrations of vasoactive factors such as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP, 279.07 ± 128.17 vs. 457.67 ± 221.30), endothelin (ET, 3.30 ± 0.61 vs. 4.98 ± 1.24) and thromboxane (TXA2, 97.2 ± 24.0 vs. 163.22 ± 24.4) were also significantly lower in group B than in group C (all P < 0.05). Prostacyclin (PGI2) level and incidence of arrhythmias were similar between the two groups. There was no thrombotic event in both groups during follow up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Bosentan trerapy in patients post Fontan operation could reduce the incidence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae and protein losing enteropathy and improve heart function.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Endothelin Receptor Antagonists , Therapeutic Uses , Fontan Procedure , Hypertension, Pulmonary , Drug Therapy , Prognosis , Sulfonamides , Therapeutic Uses , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo evaluate the improvement on test performance of UniCel DxH 800 automated hematology analyzer for complete blood count (CBC) by detecting its performance indicators and comparing the differences of the results with LH 750 hematology analyzer and ADVIA 2120 hematology analyzer.MethodsThe precision,carryover and linearity of UniCel DxH 800 in measurement of CBC were evaluated by using fresh blood samples and instrument quality control of products.To evaluate the accuracy of leukocyte differential count and reticulocyte count with the microscopic method as the “gold standard”.To calculate the bias and correlation between the results measured by LH 750,ADVIA 2120 and UniCel DxH 800 hematology analyzers and compare these three instruments on the validity of the alarm in abnormal cells.ResultsIntra-precision:The coefficient of variation (CV) of the results of RBC,Hb and MCV were less than 0.5％,the CV of WBC and PLT results were less than 1.5％.Inter-precision:the CV of the parameters above were less than 2.5％.The carryover rate of WBC,RBC,Hb,MCV and PLT were less than 0.51％.In the concentration range covered by clinical samples,the correlation coefficients between the measured values and theoretical value in testing WBC,RBC,Hb and PLT were greater than 0.999 ( P ＜0.01 ).The measurement results of WBC,RBC,Hb,MCV and PLT hy UniCel DxH 800,ADV1A 2120 and LH 750 hematology analyzers have good correlation (r ＞ 0.973,P ＜ 0.01 ).Correlation of reticulocyte count between the UniCel DxH 800 hematology analyzer and microscolpic method was significant (r =0.920,P ＜0.01 ).Correlation of leukocyte differential count about the grauulocytes, lymphocytes and eosinophils between the UniCel DxH 800 hematology analyzer and microscopic method was good (r =0.914,0.900 and 0.725,P ＜0.01 ),followed by monocytes ( r =0.612,P ＜0.01 ),which were better than the LH 750 with similar detection principle.The UniCel DxH 800 hematology analyzer demonstrated higher sensitivity (96.6％ ) for the alarm of abnormal cells and achieved a lower false-negative rate (2.5％ ).Meanwhile,the sensitivity of the neutrophil nuclei left shift was higher (90.5％ ) and the false-negative rate (5.0％) was lower.ConclusionsThe UniCel DxH 800 hematology analyzer for complete blood count shows advantages of high precision,low carryover rate and wide linear range.The results detected by the UniCel DxH 800 hematology analyzer have good correlation with the LH 750 and ADVIA 2120.
ABSTRACT
TTI gene coding for Tsetse thrombin inhibitor was modified with E.coli bias codon and expressed in Escherichia coli with high efficiency.Recombinant protein was purified to more than 98% purity.Assay for enzyme activity determination was set up.The result showed that the fusion protein exhibited inhibiting activity for thrombin.Inhibitory rate of purified TTI was 73% when concentration of thrombin and substrate was 10U/ml and 250?mol/L respectively.Inhibition pattern was determined as competitive with Ki at 35?mol/L.
ABSTRACT
A novel gene,located between dnrX and drrB in the genome of daunorubicin-producing strain Streptomyces coeruleorubidus SIPI-1482,was cloned and named as dauW.The full sequence of dauW was submitted to GenBank(Accession No.EF523565).Blast result indicated that it showed high homology with dnrW in GenBank.The exact function of dauW is as yet unknown despite the possibility that it might belong to a family of FAD-dependent oxidoreductases on the basis of conserved domain analysis.dauW was cloned into expression plasmids pET-28a(+)and pET-32a(+),respectively,and was successfully expressed in E.coli DE3 after induction with IPTG.The preliminary results of the expression of dauW suggested that it might be involved in the self resistance in Streptomyces coeruleorubidus due to the increased resistance to daunorubicin in the E.coli host.
ABSTRACT
TDP-4-ketohexulose reductase, encoded by dnmV, is important in daunorubicin biosynthesis. To obtain a daunorubicin block mutant, double cross-over plasmid pYG817 was constructed by inserting apramycin resistant gene and amplified dnmV together with upstream dnmU into vector pUC18. dnmV was successfully disrupted after transformation of daunorubicin-producing strain SIPI-1482 by pYG817. Daunorubicin was absent from metabolites of the resulting transformant, and its biosynthesis can be reconstituted by introducing dnmV expression plasmid into the disruptant, although the yield is lower than wild-type SIPI-1482, according to HPLC analysis. This mutant can be a good candidate for production of anthracycline such as epi-daunorubicin by introducing exogenous gene into the host.